Club foot
Topic Overview
What is club foot?
Club foot (also called talipes equinovarus) is a general term used to describe a range of unusual positions of the foot. Each of the following characteristics may be present, and each may vary from mild to severe:
- The foot (especially the heel) is usually smaller than normal.
- The foot may point downward.
- The front of the foot may be rotated toward the other foot.
- The foot may turn in, and in extreme cases, the bottom of the foot can point up.
Most types of club foot are present at birth (congenital club foot). Club foot
can happen in one foot or in both feet. In almost half of affected infants, both feet are involved.
Although club foot is painless in a baby, treatment should begin immediately. Club foot can cause significant problems as the child grows, but with early treatment most children born with club foot are able to lead a normal life.
What causes club foot?
In some cases, club foot is just the result of the position of the baby while it is developing in the mother's womb (postural club foot).
More often, however, club foot is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that is not well understood. The condition is fairly common; it happens in 1 in 1,000 infants and is more common in boys than girls. If someone in your family has club foot, then it is more likely to occur in your infant. If your family has one child with club foot, the chances of a second infant having the condition increase.
Club foot present at birth can indicate further health problems, since club foot is associated with other conditions such as spina bifida. For this reason, as soon as club foot is identified, it's important that the infant be screened for other health conditions. Club foot can also be the result of problems that affect the nerve, muscle, and bone systems, such as stroke or brain injury.
What are the symptoms of club foot?
Club foot is painless in a baby, but it can eventually cause discomfort and become a noticeable disability. Left untreated, club foot does not straighten itself out. The foot will remain twisted out of shape, and the affected leg may be shorter and smaller than the other. These symptoms become more obvious and more of a problem as the child grows. There are also problems with fitting shoes and participating in normal play. Treatment that begins shortly after birth can help overcome these problems.
How is club foot diagnosed?
Ultrasound done while a fetus is developing can sometimes detect club foot. It is more common for your health professional to diagnose the condition after the infant is born, though, based on the appearance and mobility of the feet and legs. In some cases, especially if the club foot is due just to the position of the developing baby (postural club foot), the foot is flexible and can be moved into a normal or nearly normal position. In other cases, the foot is more rigid or stiff, and the muscles at the back of the calf are very tight. X-rays to confirm the diagnosis are usually not helpful, since some of the foot and ankle bones in an infant are not fully ossified (filled in with bony material) and do not show well on X-ray.
How is club foot treated?
Treatment for club foot usually begins soon after birth, so the foot grows to be stable and positioned to bear weight for standing and moving comfortably.
Non-surgical treatments such as casting or splinting are usually tried first. The foot (or feet) is moved (manipulated) into the most normal position possible and held (immobilized) in that position until the next treatment. In most provinces this is usually done with a cast, but in some countries strapping with adhesive tape or splinting is more common. This manipulation and immobilization procedure is repeated every 1 to 2 weeks for 2 to 4 months, moving the foot a little closer toward a normal position each time. Some children have enough improvement that the only further treatment is to keep the foot in the corrected position by splinting it as it grows.
The two common methods of manipulation and casting are the "traditional" and the Ponseti (Iowa) methods. In traditional treatment, one position of the foot at a time is treated with manipulation and casting. Usually, the inward direction of the front of the foot is corrected first. If the foot is not responsive, major surgery is performed to further straighten the foot.
In the Ponseti method, two problems with foot position (the front part of the foot being turned in and up) are corrected at once. Toward the end of the series of castings, if the whole foot is pointing down, children treated with this method still require a minor surgery to lengthen the tight Achilles tendon. This is usually an outpatient procedure. Recent research indicates that the Ponseti method is successful in most children with club foot if treatment is started immediately and if the health professional's instructions for bracing are followed after casting is finished. One study indicated that 94% of children treated with traditional casting will require major corrective surgery within the first year of life, while only 3% of children treated with the Ponseti method will require this major surgery.1
If several weeks of progressive manipulation and immobilization are not successful in getting the foot into a more normal position, your health professional may recommend surgery. The most common surgical procedures are to lengthen or release the tight soft-tissue structures, including ligaments and tendons such as the heel cord (Achilles tendon), and to reposition the bones of the ankle as necessary. Small wires are often used to hold the bones in place and then are removed after 4 to 6 weeks. Splinting or casting is usually used after surgery to keep the foot in the correct position during healing.
After either non-surgical or surgical treatment, the child usually wears splints for a period of time to keep the club foot from beginning to form again. The child should also have periodic evaluations until he or she stops growing. It's important to note that a mild recurrence of club foot is common, even after successful treatment. In addition, the affected foot will continue to be somewhat smaller (often 1½ shoe sizes or less) and stiffer than the unaffected foot, and the calf of the leg will be smaller. However, after treatment, most children are able to wear shoes comfortably and to walk, run, and play. If the child is not walking by the time he or she is 18 months old, you may want to consult with a neurologist to rule out other health conditions that can be associated with club foot.
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| Author: | Jan Nissl, RN, BS Susan Van Houten, RN, BSN, MBA | Last Updated: March 29, 2007 |
| Medical Review: | Martin Gabica, MD - Family Medicine William M. Green, MD - Emergency Medicine Gavin W.G. Chalmers, DPM - Podiatry and Podiatric Surgery | |
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