Basic Dental Care

Infants and Children

A child's dental care really starts with his or her mother's healthy pregnancy, because baby teeth begin to form before birth. If you are pregnant, make sure to eat a balanced, nutritious diet and get an adequate amount of vitamins and minerals. It's important for pregnant women to have a complete dental examination and have any cavities or gum disease treated. For more information, see the topic Pregnancy.

Teething

Your child's first teeth (primary teeth) usually begin to break through the gums (erupt) at about 6 months of age, although the timing varies among children. All of the 20 primary teeth should come in between the ages of 6 months and 3 years. Your child will lose his or her primary teeth between the ages of 6 and 11. For more information, see the topic Teething.

Your child's first permanent teeth (molars) usually erupt behind the primary teeth at about age 6. The last permanent teeth usually erupt between the ages of 12 and 21.

See more information on your child's tooth development.

Starting dental care for children

By the time your child is 6 months of age, your doctor should assess the likelihood of your child having future dental problems.² This may include a dental examination of the mother and her dental history, as the condition of her teeth can often predict her child's teeth. Be sure your child sees a dentist by his or her first birthday or 6 months after the first primary teeth appear, whichever comes first. After your first visit, schedule regular visits every 6 months or as your dentist recommends.

Experts recommend that your child's dental care start at 12 months of age.² Babies with dental problems caused by injury, disease, or a developmental problem should be seen by a dentist right away. If these dental problems are not limited to the surfaces of the teeth, your baby should also be seen by your family doctor or a children's doctor (pediatrician). For more information, see the topics Mouth Problems, Non-injury and Mouth and Dental Injuries.

Caring for your child's teeth

It's best to start good oral health habits before permanent teeth come in.

• Parents and caregivers often share spoons, forks, and other utensils with babies. The saliva you may leave on the utensil contains bacteria that can cause tooth decay. Sometimes, kissing can also transfer bacteria. You can help prevent early childhood tooth decay in your child by making sure that your family practises good dental health habits. Keeping your own teeth and gums healthy reduces the risk of transferring tooth decay bacteria to your child.
• Do not put your infant or small child to bed with a bottle of milk, formula, juice, or other product that contains sugar. The sugar and acids in these liquids can cause tooth decay (bottle mouth). Do not prop the bottle up in your baby's mouth. Remove the bottle as soon as your baby is done feeding or is asleep. Breast-feeding your infant to sleep is safe, however. Encourage your baby to begin drinking from a cup at about 9 months of age.
• Discuss your child's fluoride needs with your dentist if your local water supply does not contain enough fluoride. To find out, call your local water company or health department. If you have your own well, have your water checked to determine whether your family needs fluoride from other sources. You may also need to provide fluoride to your children if you use bottled water for cooking or drinking.
• Give your child nutritious foods to maintain healthy gums, develop strong teeth, and avoid tooth decay. These include whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Try to avoid foods that are high in sugar and processed carbohydrates, such as pastries, pasta, and white bread. For more information, see Canada's Food Guide.
• Do not give your child mouthwashes that contain alcohol. When they are around 6 years old, children with a lot of cavities may start using a mouthwash that contains fluoride. But watch that they do not swallow it.
• Keep your child away from cigarette smoke (second-hand smoke). Tobacco smoke may contribute to the development of tooth decay, gum disease, and other health issues.^{3, 1} As your child grows, teach him or her about the dangers of smoking and second-hand smoke.
• Children play hard, sometimes hard enough to knock out or break a tooth. Learn how to prevent injuries to teeth and what to do in a dental emergency. For more information, see the topic Mouth and Dental Injuries.
• Have your child wear a mouth guard while partipating in sports during which a face, mouth, or head injury could occur.
• If your child sucks his or her fingers or thumb, help your child to stop. If the child can't stop, see your dentist. For more information, see the topic Thumb-Sucking.

Brushing and flossing

• Start cleaning your child's teeth with a soft cloth or gauze pad as soon as the teeth come in. As more teeth erupt, clean teeth with a soft toothbrush, using only water for the first few months.
• By the time your baby is 1 year old, use a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste. Brush your child's teeth for the first few years, until your child can do it alone (usually at about age 3). Teach your child not to swallow the toothpaste.
• Your child can learn how to brush his or her own teeth at about 3 years of age. Children should be brushing their own teeth morning and night by age 4, although you should supervise and check for proper cleaning.
• Give your child a small, soft toothbrush, and apply fluoridated toothpaste in an amount about the size of a small green pea. Encourage your child to watch you and older siblings brush teeth. A good teaching method is to have your child brush in the morning and you brush at night until your child masters the skill.
• Start flossing your child's teeth as soon as they touch each other. You may find plastic flossing tools helpful. Talk with your dentist about the right timing and technique to floss your child's teeth and how to teach your child to floss.
• Use disclosing tablets from time to time to see whether any plaque is left on the teeth after brushing. Disclosing tablets are chewable and will colour any plaque left on the teeth after the child brushes. You can buy these at most drugstores.

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Author:	Jeannette Curtis Douglas Dana	Last Updated: July 13, 2007
Medical Review:	Anne C. Poinier, MD - Internal Medicine Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine Steven K. Patterson, BSc, DDS, MPH - Dentist
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