Glucosamine and Chondroitin

Topic Overview

What are glucosamine and chondroitin?

Glucosamine and chondroitin are part of normal cartilage. Cartilage acts as a cushion between the bones in a joint.

Glucosamine, also called chitosamine, is a natural substance that is found in the covering of shellfish. It is available in different forms, including glucosamine hydrochloride, N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG), and glucosamine sulfate, which is a combination of glucosamine and mineral salt. Glucosamine is also available in synthetic forms. The body absorbs glucosamine well.

Chondroitin can come from natural sources, such as shark or bovine cartilage, or it can be made in a lab. Chondroitin is also known as chondroitin sulfate, chondroitin sulfuric acid, and chonsurid. Chondroitin sulfate is a combination of chondroitin and mineral salt.

Glucosamine and chondroitin are available in tablet, capsule, powder, or liquid form and are often taken in combination with each other or in combination with other dietary supplements. Glucosamine may be taken separately as a dietary supplement for joints.

What are glucosamine and chondroitin used for?

People with osteoarthritis use glucosamine and chondroitin to relieve joint pain.

Glucosamine and chondroitin, taken alone or together, have not always been shown to relieve pain of osteoarthritis in all people.¹ But glucosamine and chondroitin taken together may help reduce pain in some people with moderate-to-severe knee pain.¹ Some studies show that chondroitin alone may relieve pain and improve function.²

There are also some studies that indicate glucosamine may help as much as ibuprofen in relieving symptoms of osteoarthritis, particularly in the knee, with fewer side effects.³

Research indicates that glucosamine and chondroitin can help restore cartilage.

Are glucosamine and chondroitin safe?

It appears that glucosamine and chondroitin, in combination or separately, have few side effects. But people with osteoarthritis who have diabetes should talk with a doctor before they take glucosamine, because it is thought that glucosamine may influence blood sugar (glucose).⁴

If you are allergic to shellfish, do not take glucosamine unless you have discussed it with your doctor. Glucosamine is made from shellfish covering.

The Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD), within the Health Products and Food Branch of Health Canada, regulates dietary supplements in Canada. Dietary supplements, including glucosamine and chondroitin, must be reviewed and approved by the NHPD before they can be sold in Canada.

Always tell your doctor if you are using a dietary supplement or if you are thinking about combining a dietary supplement with your conventional medical treatment. It may not be safe to forgo your conventional medical treatment and rely only on a dietary supplement. This is especially important for women who are pregnant or breast-feeding.

When using dietary supplements, keep in mind the following:

• Like conventional medicines, dietary supplements may cause side effects, trigger allergic reactions, or interact with prescription and non-prescription medicines or other supplements you might be taking. A side effect or interaction with another medicine or supplement may make other health conditions worse.
• The way dietary supplements are manufactured may not be standardized. Because of this, how well they work or any side effects they cause may differ among brands or even within different lots of the same brand. The form of supplement that you buy in health food or grocery stores may not be the same as the form used in research.
• Other than for vitamins and minerals, the long-term effects of most dietary supplements are not known.

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Author:	Caroline Rea, RN, BS, MS Sydney Youngerman-Cole, RN, BSN, RNC	Last Updated: October 1, 2007
Medical Review:	Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine Marc S. Micozzi, MD, PhD - Policy Institute for Integrative Medicine Donald Sproule, MD, CM, CCFP, FCFP - Family Medicine
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