Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
What Happens
Preschool age
Normally, children 3 to 4 years of age are often inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive—all the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Differentiating between what is normal for the age and what may be caused by ADHD can be difficult in children this young.
School-age and teen years
ADHD is most often diagnosed in children between ages 6 and 12. After a child starts school, the symptoms of ADHD become more noticeable. During this period, ADHD can disrupt many aspects of a child's life. Learning and academic performance, adjusting to change, sleeping, and getting along with others are all potential problem areas.
Symptoms of ADHD usually remain the same through early adolescence. Approximately 75% of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms into the teen years.4 Children with ADHD are often described as less mature than their peers and may lag behind in reaching milestones typical for the age group.
However, some symptoms typically improve or become less obvious. For example, someone who had very disruptive hyperactive behaviour during elementary school may only fidget or feel restless in high school.
Adults
Symptoms of ADHD can last into adulthood and include difficulty focusing, organizing, and finishing tasks. However, adults often are able to adjust in the workplace better than they did in the classroom as children.
Many adults do not realize that they have ADHD until their children are diagnosed and they begin to recognize their own symptoms. Some adults with ADHD learn to manage their lives and find careers in which they can use their strengths—intellectual curiosity and creativity—to their advantage. However, many adults have difficulties at home and work. As a group, adults with ADHD have higher divorce rates, are more likely to smoke, and have more substance abuse problems than adults without the disorder. Also compared with their peers, fewer enter university and fewer graduate. Treatment with medication, counselling, and behavioural therapies can be beneficial.5
Effects on family
Raising a child who has ADHD can be a challenge. Parents must consistently monitor their child and respond to problem behaviour appropriately. If other issues are causing stress within a family (such as divorce, violence, or drug or alcohol abuse), it may be even more difficult to deal with a child who has ADHD.
Conditions that often accompany ADHD
There is mounting evidence that people with ADHD commonly have one or more other disorders such as dyslexia, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety, and depression.
Treatment for ADHD can help control symptoms, allowing a child to grow and develop normally. Treatment also can decrease the frustration, discouragement, and failure that many people with ADHD experience throughout their lives.
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| Author: | Carrie Henley Sabra L. Katz-Wise | Last Updated: August 31, 2006 |
| Medical Review: | Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine Michael J. Sexton, MD - Pediatrics Mina Dulcan, MD - Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Thomas Emmett Francoeur, MDCM, CSPQ, FRCPC - Pediatrics | |
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