Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Medications
Most children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) need to take medication to reduce inflammation and control pain and to help prevent increasing damage to the joints. When inflammation and pain are controlled, a child is more willing and able to do joint exercises to improve joint strength and prevent loss of movement.
Many different medications are used to treat JIA. No single medication works for every child. It may take some time to find the right medication or combination of medications that best controls your child's symptoms. Treatment is individualized for each child by his or her doctor and parents while considering effectiveness, side effects, cost, and the type and severity of the disease.
Medication Choices
Although treatment varies depending on the needs of the individual child, certain medications are often tried first (first-line medications), while others are often saved to try later if they are needed (second-line medications).
First-line medication. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are usually the first medications tried to control JIA inflammation and symptoms. Naproxen sodium is the most frequently used NSAID treatment for JIA. Doctors choose naproxen based on its low incidence of side effects compared to its effectiveness.10 Ibuprofen is an effective alternative. But in general, less than one-third of children will have significant relief from NSAIDs.5
NSAIDs and corticosteroids are most often used to control the initial stages of systemic JIA and may be used in children who have pauciarticular (oligoarthritis) with shortening of the muscles around the joints (contractures) or polyarticular disease with joint pain and swelling.10, 5
Second-line medication. If symptoms are not well-controlled with NSAIDs or corticosteroids, stronger medications such as methotrexate are often used successfully.10, 5 Methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and other second-line medications are sometimes referred to as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Some experts prefer to call them slow-acting antirheumatic drugs (SAARDs).
Some children with JIA gain significant benefit from early methotrexate treatment. Although there is no definitive way of knowing which children are the best candidates for early methotrexate treatment, this practise is becoming more common in an effort to prevent joint and eye damage. Early treatment with methotrexate is often used for polyarticular JIA.5
Biological therapy is a newer option to treat JIA, particularly polyarticular JIA, that does not respond to other treatments. The biological agent etanercept, which is a tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor, has had some success in relieving symptoms and decreasing the number of flare-ups. Other TNF inhibitors, such as infliximab, are still under study to treat JIA.11
Medications used to treat JIA
First-line
Second-line
Other second-line medications used less often
- Sulfasalazine
- Antimalarials (such as hydroxychloroquine sulfate [Plaquenil]
- Adult therapies, such as cytotoxic (cell-destroying) drugs and intravenous human immunoglobulin, that may be used for rheumatoid arthritis in adults but are not yet proven to be safe and effective for children with JIA
Gold salts were one of the first treatments used for joint inflammation, and you may still hear about them. However, injected gold salts have been replaced by methotrexate for the treatment of JIA. Gold salts taken by mouth (oral) have not been shown to be effective for JIA.10
Medications used to treat inflammatory eye disease
- Corticosteroid eyedrops
- Methotrexate and cyclosporine A
- Mydriatics, which are eyedrops that dilate the pupil and keep the iris from sticking to the cornea or lens
- Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. These medications are biological agents known as anti-TNF agents because they reduce inflammation by blocking the TNF protein. Etanercept is an example of these medicines.
What To Think About
Annual flu shots are recommended for children who are on long-term ASA therapy. Children on long-term ASA therapy who get chicken pox or influenza (flu) are at risk for getting Reye's syndrome. Although there is a risk, Reye's syndrome is very rare. Very few cases of Reye's syndrome have been reported in children with chronic arthritis who were being treated with ASA. If your child has been exposed to chicken pox or flu, talk to the doctor about giving your child acetaminophen to control pain and relieve fever until the incubation period, or the illness itself, has passed.
Combination therapy—using methotrexate with sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, or etanercept—has been used on a limited basis to treat JIA. Most medical experience with combination therapy is with adults; only children with severe JIA that has not improved with methotrexate or sulfasalazine are considered for combination treatment.
It is impossible to predict whether a child will improve with a certain medication. Several different medications may be tried before one is found that controls symptoms and doesn't cause side effects. It can also take weeks to months for a medication to show effect, and symptoms may continue during that time.
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| Author: | Douglas Dana Shannon Erstad, MBA/MPH | Last Updated: August 30, 2006 |
| Medical Review: | Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine Michael J. Sexton, MD - Pediatrics Ross E. Petty, MD, PhD, FRCPC - Pediatric Rheumatology | |
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