Should I use hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?

References

Citations

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  2. Rossouw JE, et al. (2002). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288(3): 321–333.

  3. Chlebowski T, et al. (2003). Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA, 289(24): 3243–3253.

  4. Shumaker SA, et al. (2003). Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Initiative memory study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 289(20): 2651–2662.

  5. North American Menopause Society (2004). Position statement: Recommendations for estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal women: October 2004 position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause, 11(6): 589–600. Available online: http://www.menopause.org/edumaterials/2004HTreport.pdf.

  6. Solomon CG, Dluhy RG (2003). Rethinking postmenopausal hormone therapy. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(7): 579–580.

  7. Million Women Study Collaborators (2003). Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet, 362(9382): 419–427.

  8. American Heart Association (2000). Women, Heart Disease, and Stroke Survey Highlights. Available online: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=10382.

  9. Manson JE, et al. (2003). Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(6): 523–534.

  10. Prentice RL, et al. (2006). Combined analysis of Women's Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment and cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163(7): 589–599.

  11. Rossouw JE, et al. (2007). Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA, 297(13): 1465–1477.

  12. North American Menopause Society (2004). Treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: Position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause, 11(1): 11–33.

  13. Freedman R, et al. (1995). Biochemical and thermoregulatory effects of behavioral treatment for menopausal hot flashes. Menopause: The Journal of the North American Menopause Society, 2(4): 211–218.

  14. Irvin JH, et al. (1996). The effects of relaxation response training on menopausal symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 17(4): 202–207.

  15. Brown JP, et al. (2006). Canadian Consensus Conference on Osteoporosis, 2006 update. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline No. 172. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 28(Special Edition): S95–S112. Available online: http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/documents/JOGC-suppl-1eng-osteoporosis.pdf.

  16. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2003). Postmenopausal hormone therapy: Questions and answers. Available online: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/women/q_a.htm.

  17. Turek M, Blake J (2006). Cardiovascular disease: Canadian Consensus Conference on Menopause, 2006 update. Chapter 9. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 28(Special Edition): S81–S85. Available online: http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/documents/jogc%2Dsuppl%2D1eng%2D06.pdf.

  18. Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee (2004). Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA, 291(14): 1701–1712.

  19. Wassertheir-Smoller S (2003). Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Initiative: A randomized trial. JAMA, 289(20): 2673–2684.

  20. Grodstein F, et al. (2006). Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: The role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation. Journal of Women's Health, 15(1): 35–44.

  21. Kerlikowske K, et al. (2003). Prognostic characteristics of breast cancer among postmenopausal hormone users in a screened population. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(23): 4314–4321.

  22. Prestwood KM, et al. (2003). Ultralow-dose micronized 17 B-estradiol and bone density and bone metabolism in older women. JAMA, 290(8): 1042–1048.

  23. Holmberg L, Anderson H (2004). HABITS (Hormonal replacement therapy after breast cancer—Is it safe?), a randomized comparison: Trial stopped. Lancet, 363(9407): 453–455.



Author: Kathe Gallagher, MSW
Carrie Henley
Last Updated: August 4, 2006
Medical Review: Joy Melnikow, MD, MPH - Family Medicine
Tom Bailey, MD - Family Medicine
Carla J. Herman, MD, MPH - Internal Medicine

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